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Exposure to e-cigarette smoke caused mice to develop lung cancer, a new study finds.
, the study found that 9 of 40 mice (22.5 percent) exposed to e-cigarette smoke with nicotine for 54 weeks developed lung adenocarcinomas. None of the 20 mice from the study exposed to the same e-cigarette smoke without nicotine developed cancer.
Led by , an NYU School of Medicine researcher, the study also found that 23 of 40 mice (57.5 percent) exposed to e-cigarette smoke developed bladder hyperplasia, genetic changes that make cells more likely to multiply, and a step toward abnormal tissue growth seen in cancer. Only one of the 17 mice exposed to the zero-nicotine e-cigarette smoke developed hyperplasia.
Dr. Tang acknowledges the study鈥檚 limitations, including that it was conducted in a relatively small number of mice susceptible to developing cancer over their lifetime (a one-year study period designed to offset age-related cancer). The study mice also did not inhale smoke like a human would, but instead, were surrounded by it through whole-body exposure.
鈥淭obacco smoke is among the most dangerous environmental agents to which humans are routinely exposed, but the potential of e-cigarette smoke as a threat to human health is not yet fully understood,鈥 says Dr. Tang, a professor in the Departments of and and a member of the . 鈥淥ur study results in mice were not meant to be compared to human disease, but instead argue that e-cigarette smoke must be more thoroughly studied before it is deemed safe or marketed that way.鈥
Nicotine and Nitrosamines
The question of whether nicotine itself, separate from tobacco smoke, causes cancer is controversial because of conflicting study results over time that used oft-criticized methods. Almost all researchers agree, however, that chemicals added during the curing of tobacco鈥攏itrate and nitrite鈥攃an cause a reaction called nitrosation, or the addition of a particle called a nitrosonium ion, the authors say.
This is known to convert nicotine into nitrosamines such as N-nitrosonoricotine (NNN) and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), which are proven carcinogens in mice and humans.
Conventional thinking, says Dr. Tang, has been that smoke from cured tobacco deposits nitrosamines into a smoker鈥檚 organs and blood. Nitrosamine blood tests are the best measure of their potential to cause cancer. Such tests in a found that levels of a compound related to NNK, called NNAL, were 95 percent lower in e-cigarette smokers than in tobacco smokers, leading some experts to conclude that a switch to e-cigarettes might save millions of lives. Partly as a result of such public messaging, , say the authors.
Against this backdrop, the new study finds that mammalian cells contain their own nitrosonium ions, which directly react with nicotine to form nitrosamines, including NNK. Many studies have also shown that human and mouse cells also have ample supplies of cytochrome p450, which further converts NNN and NNK into compounds such as formaldehyde and methyldiazohydroxide that can react with DNA to form damaging adducts such as gamma-hydroxy-propanodeoxyguanosine and O6-methyl-deoxyguanosine, the researchers say.
Dr. Tang鈥檚 team had shown in a February that e-cigarette smoke induces DNA damage in the mouse lung and bladder, and that nitrosation in cultured human lung and bladder cells converts nicotine into derivatives that increase DNA code changes, or mutations, with the potential to transform normal cells into cancer cells. Specifically, the earlier study found that nicotine is transformed into nitrosamines, then into DNA damaging agents, which ultimately form DNA adducts.
The current study results confirm that nicotine from e-cigarette smoke can cause cancer in the lungs, and precancerous growth in the bladders, of mice. Furthermore, the results argue that nicotine, once inside cells, is converted into nitrosamines that do not leave cells and, therefore, could never be captured by tests that measure nitrosamine levels outside of cells, for example blood tests, says Dr. Tang.
鈥淥ur results support the argument that the nicotine-derived DNA adducts are likely the main causes for carcinogenesis in mice exposed to e-cigarette smoke,鈥 says study author Herbert Lepor, MD, the Martin Spatz Chair in the at 嘿嘿视频. 鈥淥ur next step in this line of work will be to expand the number of mice studied, to shorten and prolong e-cigarette exposure time, and to further investigate the genetic changes caused by e-cigarette smoke.鈥
Along with Drs. Tang and Lepor, study authors were ; Hyun-Wook Lee; Yong Xia; Fang-Ming Deng, MD, PhD; Andre L. Moreira, MD; ; and William C. Huang, MD, in the Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Urology at NYU School of Medicine. The study was funded by National Institutes of Health grants R01CA190678, 1P01CA165980, P30CA16087, and ES00260.
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